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Map reading: the process of looking at the map to determine what is depicted and how the cartographer depicted it Map projection: a geometric transformation of the Earth’s spherical or ellipsoidal surface onto a flat map surface Map legend : the key to understanding the mapped features Map marginalia: additional information displayed within the mapped area or outside the main map area that helps explain or support the map Land partitioning: the division of property into parcels Image map : a map made by superimposing traditional map symbols on an image base Grid coordinate system: a coordinate system mathematically placed on a flat map projection surface Geographic coordinate system: a positional reference system that uses latitude and longitude to define the locations of points on the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid Through successful map reading, a person’s cartographic and mental maps will merge to tune the reader’s spatial thinking to the reality of the environment.Ĭartographic map: a graphic representation of the environment that can be experienced physically, for example, through sight, sound, or touchĬlassification: the process of grouping or ordering features into categories (for qualitative data) or classes (for quantitative data) Masters of map reading use maps to gain better understanding of their environment, develop better mental maps, and ultimately make better decisions. Proficient map readers also appreciate artifacts of the cartographic compilation process that improve readability but may also affect map accuracy and uncertainty. Reading maps accurately and effectively requires at least a basic understanding of how the mapmaker has made important cartographic decisions relating to map scale, map projections, coordinate systems, and cartographic compilation (selection, classification, generalization, and symbolization). This involves identifying the features or phenomena portrayed, the symbols and labels used, and information about the map that may not be displayed on the map. Map reading is the process of looking at the map to determine what is depicted and how the cartographer depicted it.